By Ibn Abdillah Al-Katibiy
Mandatory requirement of zakat al fitr:
1. Islam
2. Free (not slave)
3. Have the excess food or property from the necessary on holidays and at night. It means to have the advantage of what is necessary for himself and the people he must bear on the night and day of the feast. Whether the excess is in the form of food, possessions or value for money.
4. Meet time must issue Zakat al Fitr. Meaning to meet some of Ramadan and partly from the beginning of Syawwal month (feast of the feast).
Information:
The meaning "has its advantages here" is the advantages of its daily needs. So the goods that become daily necessities, such as a decent house, necessary household utensils, daily clothing and others do not become a calculation. That is, if can not afford to pay zakat al fitr, the property above is not obliged to be sold to issue zakat.
Types and content of zakat al fitr:
1. In the form of staple food of the area (not money)
2. Similar. Should not be a mix
3. The amount reaches one Sho 'for each person. (1 Sho '= 4 mud = approximately 3 Kilograms)
4. Given in the place of the Zakah.
For example, a father who was in Surabaya with a staple food of rice, paid zakat for his son who was in Kediri with staple food corn. So the type of food used is zakat corn and given to the poor or needy in Kediri..
Note:
- According to Imam Abu Hanifa, zakat al fitr may be issued in the form of qimah or money.
- If you can not afford 1 sho ', then as good as even if you do not have any surplus property, then zakat al fitr is not mandatory.
Time to issue zakat al fitr
The execution time of issuing zakat al fitr is divided into 5 groups:
1. Mandatory time: That is, when meeting the month of Ramadan and meet some of the beginning of Syawwal month. Therefore the person who died after his evening maghrib 1 Syawwal, is obligated to zakah. While the baby who was born after the evening maghrib 1 Syawwal is not obliged to zakah.
2. Jawaz time: That is, from the beginning of Ramadan until entering the mandatory time.
3. Fadhilah Time: That is, after the dawn and before the festival.
4. Makruh time: That is, after the holiday prayer until the drowning of the sun on 1 Syawwal unless there is an age like waiting for relatives or people who need more, then the law is not makruh.
5. Unlawful Time: That is, after the sunset on 1 Syawwal unless there is an excuse as the treasure is not there in place or waiting for the person entitled to receive Zakat, then the law is not haram. While the status of zakat issued on 1 Syawwal is qodho '.
The legal requirement of zakat:
1. Intention.
Must be intent in the heart when issuing zakat, separating zakat from others, or when giving zakat to the representative to be conveyed to the right or between separating and giving.
- Self-charity intentions:
نويت ان اخرج زكاة الفطرعن نفسي / هذا زكاة مالي المفروضة
"I intend to issue zakat for myself / this is zakat my compulsory property"
If the intention of zakat al fitr on behalf of another person, the law is detailed as follows:
a. If other people who are zoned include the person who must be livelihood and his zakat al fitr, like his wife, his children are still small, his parents are not able and so on, then who do the intention is the person who issued the zakat without having to ask permission from the person which is zoned. However, it is also possible that the food to be used by zakat is given by the owner to those people to be separately intended.
b. If issuing zakat for a person who is not obliged to bear his livelihood, such as a capable parent, his older children (unless in a condition of disability or who is studying religious knowledge), brother, nephew, uncle or other people who have no blood relation and so on, it is required to obtain permission from such persons. Without their permission, the zakah issued by the law is invalid.
- Intention on behalf of his young son:
نويت ان اخرج زكاة الفطرعن ولدي الصغير ...
"I intend to issue zakat on behalf of my little son ..."
- Intention on behalf of his father:
نويت ان اخرج زكاة الفطرعن ابي ...
"I intend to issue zakat on behalf of my father ..."
- Intention on behalf of his mother:
نويت ان اخرج زكاة الفطرعنء امي ...
"I intend to issue zakat on my mother's behalf ..."
- Intentions on behalf of his already large and inadequate son:
نويت ان اخرج زكاة الفطرعن ولدي الكبير ...
"I intend to issue zakat on behalf of my already great son ..."
2. Issued to those who are entitled to receive Zakat
People entitled to receive Zakat:
There are 8 groups who are entitled to receive zakat in Al-Qur'an Allah says:
إنما الصدقات للفقراء والمساكين والعاملين عليها والمؤلفة قلوبهم وفي الرقاب والغارمين وفي سبيل الله وابن السبيل فريضة من الله والله عليم حكيم.
a. Poor
Poor is a person who has no property or work at all, or a person who has property or work but can not provide for his needs. For example in a month he needs a fee of Rp; 500.000, but his income only got Rp; 200,000 (not reaching half needed). What is meant by wealth and work here is a lawful and halal and decent work.
Thus, those belonging to the poor are:
Thus, those belonging to the poor are:
1. Have no property and no work at all
2. Have property, but do not have a job. While the existing treasures are not enough to meet the needs during the general human age.
3. Own property and work, property only or work only but property or work is haram by religion. For people who have abundant wealth or promising work, but haram according to religion, then that person including faqir (poor) so entitled and may receive zakat.
4.Have no possessions and has a job, but is not worthy of him. Such work can damage self-esteem, honor and others.
b. Needy.
Needy people who have property or work that can not meet their needs and the people who are covered by their livelihood. For example in a month he needs a fee of IDR; 500.000, but his income only got IDR; 400,000 (reaching half needed).
c. Amil.
Amil zakat ie those appointed by the Imam or the government to withdraw zakat to the person entitled to receive it and not get paid from the baitul mal or the State. Amil zakat includes the zakat collection section, zakat attraction, zakat divider and others. The amount of zakat received by amil is adjusted to the work done in the sense of using standard ujroh mistly (pay according to their job duties respectively).
Amil Zakat Terms:
1.Islam
2.Man
3.Free
4. Mukallaf
5. Equitable
6.Can see
7.Can hear
8. Understanding the issue of zakat (faqih / master)
d. Muallaf
Muallaf qulubuhum are the people who are persuaded by their hearts. While the people who include the convert, the entitled to receive zakat are:
1. The person who has just converted to Islam and his faith (intentions) is still weak
2. The new convert and his faith are strong, but he has the glory among his people. By giving Zakat to him, it is expected that his people who are still infidels want to convert to Islam.
3. Muslims who protect the Muslims from the disruption and ugliness of the unbelievers
4. Muslims who defend the interests of the Muslims from other Muslims who are from the group of anti-zakat or rebels and non-Muslims.
All persons belonging to the above are entitled to receive Zakat on the condition of Islam. While persuading non-Muslims by using the zakat property it should not be.
e. Slave mukatab
Mukatab slaves are slaves who are promised independence by their masters when they have paid some of the ransom that is determined by way of installment. The goal is to help pay off the dependents of the mukatab slaves.
f. Ghorim (the person in debt)
Ghorim is divided into 3 parts:
1. The person owed to reconcile two persons or two warring groups.
2. People who owe for the benefit of self and family.
3. People who owe for the common good, such as owed to build mosques, schools, bridges and others.
4.People who owe to bear the debt of others.
g. Sabilillah
Sabilillah is a man who fought in the way of Allah and did not get a salary. Sabilillah is entitled to receive zakat for all purposes of war. From the time of departure to return, sabilillah and his family are entitled to a subsistence allowance derived from zakat. While the right to give zakat to sabilillah is imam (ruler) not the owner of zakat.
Information :
Among scholars there is a mistake about the meaning of fii sabilillah; There is an opinion that what is meant by fii sabilillah is none other than those who volunteer to fight in the way of Allah and not get a salary, and this is the opinion of the majority of the ulama (strong opinion). Some scholars say that fi sabilillah is all God-related activity as mentioned by Imam Al-Qaffal, as for the means of Islamic education and worship. And this opinion is weak.
h. Ibn sabil (traveler)
Ibn Sabil is the person who started traveling from the area where the zakat or the traveler who passes the area where the zakat on condition:
1. Not traveling for maxions
2. Requires cost or lack of cost. Although he has treasures where he is going.
People who are not entitled to receive zakat:
1. Unbelievers or apostates
2. Slave / slave other than slave mukatab
3. The descendants of the sons of Hashim and Bani Muttalib (the habaib), as hadith shohih, the Prophet Saw said:
إن هذه الصدقات إنما هي أوساخ الناس وإنها لا تحل لمحمد ولا لآل محمد
Meaning: "Truly this shodaqah (zakat) is human feces and is not permitted for Muhammad and Muhammad's family".
4. The rich. That is a person whose income is more than enough to meet the basic needs of his life.
5. People who are covered by their livelihood. That is, the person who is obliged to bear a living, should not give zakat to the person who borne it.
The mechanism of zakat distribution
If the zakat is distributed by the owner or his representative, then the details are as follows:
- If the person entitled to receive zakat is limited (can be counted), and zakat property is sufficient, then the mechanism of issuing zakat must include all categories of recipients of zakat in the area where the obligation of zakat. And divided equally between categories of recipients of zakat.
- If the person entitled to receive zakat is unlimited or the amount of zakat property is insufficient, then zakat must be given to a minimum of three persons for each group of zakat recipients.
The owner of zakat should not share his zakat with those who are located outside the zakat obligation area. Zakat must be given to the recipient group in the zoning area even though not the native of the region.
Whereas if the division is made by the Imam (ruler), whether the zakat is handed over by the owner to the Imam or taken by the Imam, then it should be divided in the following way:
a. All existing recipients of zakat must receive a share
b. In addition to the amil group, all groups got the same part.
c. Each individual from each recipient group gets a share (if sufficient zakah is sufficient)
d. If the intent of each individual is equal, then the amount received must also be the same.
Note:
In the opinion of Imam Ibnu Ujail Rh is:
1. Zakat may be given to one class of several classes eligible to receive zakat.
2. The Zakat of one person may be given to one who is entitled to receive zakat.
3. May move the zakat from the zakat area.
The last three opinions we may follow (taqlid) though differ from the opinion of Imam Syai'i. Given the difficulty of dividing equally on all groups, let alone zakat fitrah which amount is not so much.
Frequently asked questions about zakat issues:
♦ Question: Is the committee of zakat / amil formed by the district?
Answer: If it meets its requirements as appointed by the Imam and the committee includes those who control the zakat chapter, then it can be called zakat amil. (Open the book of Al-Bajury, vol 1: 290).
♦ Question: Is the committee of the zakat committee established by an Islamic organization including amyl according to Syare'at, or not?
Answer: The zakat distribution committee at this time does not include amil zakat according to Islam, because they are not appointed by the Imam (head of state). (Open the book of Al-Bajuri 1/283 and At-Taqrirat: 424).
♦ Question: Can zakat al fitr be sold by zakat committee and the proceeds of sale are used according to the policy of the committee?
Answer: Zakat fitrah should not be sold except by its mustahiq (the person receiving the zakat). (Open the book of Al-Anwar juz 1 chapter of zakat)
♦ Question: Can zakat or part of it be used as venture capital for the zakat committees or social bodies?
Answer: Should not zakat or partly be used as venture capital for committees or social bodies. (Open the book of Al-Muhadzdzab, vol 1: 169)
Reference:
1. Bulughul Maram
2. Fathul Qorib
3. Tanwirul Qulub
4. Hasyiah Al-Bajuri
5. Bughyatul Mustarsyidin
6. I'anah At-Tholibin
7. Al-Majmu 'Syarhul Muhadzdzab
8. Tuhfatul Muhtaj
9. Ihya Ulumuddin
10. Ahkamul Fuqaha
