Groups or persons entitled to receive zakat there are 8 kinds (al-ashnaf al-tsamaniyyah) mentioned in the Qur'an namely; poor,needy, amil, mu'allaf, slave, gharim, sabilillah, and ibn sabil. And here are the details.
1. Poor & needy
a. poor; people who do not have proper livelihoods or livelihoods that can meet their needs for both clothing, shelter and food.
b. needy ; ie people who have wealth or livelihood but not enough. Please note that unemployed who are able to work and have halal job vacancies and decent but do not want to work because lazy, not including the poor / poor. While the students who are able to work but do not have time to work because the busy learning if the shipment is not sufficient then including the poor / disadvantaged. Notes on the differences between the poor and the needy; If the income is below half of the requirement then including the poor, if the income is more than half of the requirement then including the needy. It should be mentioned here that Fuqara 'and masakin (poor and needy) who are proficient at working they are given working capital in accordance with their field. And for those who are competent to trade are given trading capital and for those who are able in the field of carpentry, then given the capital to buy tools of carpentry. While those who are not competent to work then given the capital to get a job such as given the capital to buy cattle or yards to be earned sufficient income. In this case, amil may also give them in the form of the goods. (see H.Syarwani ala at-Tuhfah 7/164)
2. Amil zakat, Terms and duties What is meant by amil zakat is a committee or body formed by the government to handle the issue of zakat with all its problems. There are several conditions fulfilled in amil that is;
1) Muslims,
2) mukallaf (already baligh and intelligent),
3) independent (not slave),
4) fair with the understanding of never committing a major sin or continuous small sin,
5) can see,
6) can hear,
7 ) men,
8) understanding of the duties to which they are responsible
9) excluding the ahlul-bait or non-descendants of Bani Hashim and Bani Muttalib and
10) not mawali ahlul-bait or slaves liberated by the Bani Hashim and Bani Muttalib . While the tasks mandated to amil zakat are as follows The duties of Amil Zakat.
1. Inventory (record) the people who are obliged to issue zakat.
2. Inventory of those who are entitled to receive zakat
3. Taking and collecting zakat.
4. Recorded the incoming and issued zakah assets.
5. Determine the size (bit and number) of zakat.
6. To burn, weigh, calculate the portion of mustahiqqus zakat
7. Maintain the security of zakat property
8. Distributing zakat property to mustahiqqin. Given that the tasks mentioned above may not be done by one person or two people, but from each task there must be a special handle then there are several kinds of amil in accordance with the duties. Various kinds of Amil Zakat
1. The person who takes and collects the wealth of zakat.
2. Those who know those who are entitled to receive Zakat.
3. Secretary
4. Carpenters, carers, and people who count zakat
5. The person who coordinates the collection of persons who are obligated to receive zakat and zakat.
6. The person who determines the size (bit) of zakat.
7. Security officer of zakat property.
8. The person who distributes zakat.
3. Mu'allaf
Mu'allaf or complete al-mu'affalah qulubuhum is the person who tried softened his heart. Giving zakat to them with the hope of their hearts being soft and loyal to the religion of Islam. According to Syafi'ie madzhab there are four kinds; first, the people who convert to Islam while the softness of Islam is still considered weak as there are feelings of foreigners among fellow Muslims or feel alienated in Islam, secondly, mu'allaf that have influence in the community or society so that with zakat there is hope to attract sympathy the people to convert to Islam, the third, the mu'allaf who is given zakat with the aim of helping the Muslims to awaken those who do not issue zakat (mani 'al-zakat), and fourth, mu'allaf who is given zakat with the aim that the enemies of Islam not attacking the Muslims.
4. Mukatab
Mukatab is a slave who deals with his employer about his own independence by means of a pursue and his transaction is considered valid.
5. Gharim
Gharim are the people who have the burden of debt to others. The debt is sometimes used to reconcile two groups of war, or debt to finance its own needs and can not afford it, and or debt due to bear the debt of others.
6. Sabilillah
Sabilillah are the ones who fought in the way of Allah SWT and they do not get official pay from the country even though they belong to the rich.
According Syafi'ie madhhab sabilillah special for the people mentioned above.While some argue that including sabilillah is everything that is a means of goodness in religion such as the construction of madrassas, mosques, Islamic hospitals and highways or like teachers and imam who concentrate on teaching Islam to the public. (see Jawahir al-Bukhari, al-Tafsir al-Munir, Qura al-A'in al-Malikiyah)
7. Ibn Sabil
Ibn Sabil is a traveler who will travel or who is passing the place of zakat property and requires travel expenses according to Shafi'iyah and Hanabilah. Note: First, note that in the giving of zakat to al-ashnaf al-tsamaniyah above each category (group) at least three people. And secondly, all the above groups are given according to their needs; the poor are given enough for one year's needs, gharim and mukatab are given enough to pay their dependents, sabilillah are given sufficient for the needs of the war, ibn sabil is given sufficiently to his country, the mu'allaf is given with the provision that can produce the purpose in accordance with its various mu'allaf above, and amil given in accordance with wages of his work.
Terms of
Mustahiqqin
Mustahiqqin or
al-ashnaf al-tsamaniyah (eight groups entitled to receive zakat) above must
meet three conditions;
1. Islam.
2. Not a person
who must be endowed by others when in the name of the poor.
3. Not of the
Bani Hashim and Muttalib, because they have been part of the khumus al-khumus.
Some scholars
from various madhhab of thought have allowed to give Zakat to Bani Hashim and
Bani Muttalib for the present time, since the khumus al-khumus no longer exists
(see Bughiyah al-Mustarsyidin)
Mustahiq which
has two categories such as poor with gharim status , according to Shafi'i
madhhab can not accept zakat on two categories. People who claim to be
mustahiqqin when claiming to be poor or needy then should be sworn in first. If
my mate is a gharim then it can be justified by two male or one male and two
female witnesses. However, if the person is already known as a gharim if the
news is credible then it is immediately justified.
